玉米自交系对大斑病菌的抗性鉴定及抗性来源分析

玉米大斑病是一种严重影响玉米产量的病害,在全国各地多有发生。通过筛选抗病玉米自交系,选育优良抗病品种可以有效防止大斑病的发生。试验于2017-2018年,用田间人工接种大斑病混合菌的方法,对185份玉米种质进行了玉米大斑病抗性鉴定与评价,筛选出高抗自交系16份,其中自选系7份,并对玉米自选系抗病性来源进行分析,发现Y6和J1577等品系抗病性强且可以稳定遗传。     

玉米大斑病菌Ht－毒素在玉米品种抗病性鉴定中的应用

玉米大斑病菌在活体外产生的致病毒素（Ｈｔ－毒素）不仅能抑制玉米幼苗根和芽的生长，而且对玉米离体根冠细胞也有明显的致死作用。试验发现，玉米大斑菌菌株的致病力与其培养滤液对玉米幼苗根生长的抑制率呈正相关（ｒ＝０．８４），玉米品种的感病性也与毒素处理后根冠细胞的死亡率呈正相关（ｒ＝０．８２）。结论指出，用玉米大班菌Ｈｉ－毒素鉴定玉米品种的抗病性是可行的。     

内脐蠕孢属、平脐蠕孢属和凸脐蠕孢属的分类鉴定

本文是继前一个研究之后对来自东北的24种禾本科植物和海南省的一种双子叶植物(橡胶树)上的14种“长蠕孢菌”的分类鉴定的继续,共鉴定出内脐蠕孢属(Drechslera)1种,平脐蠕孢属(Bipolaris)9种和凸脐蠕孢属(Exserohilum)4种。其中双色平脐蠕孢(B.bicolor)和虉草内脐蠕孢(D.tetrarrhenae) 为国内新记录种;狗牙根平脐蠕孢(B.cynodontis)、长孢平脐蠕孢(B.urochloae) 和环形凸脐蠕孢(E.holmii)3个种首次在东北地区报道;此外,还报道了橡胶树平脐蠕孢(B.heveae) 的一个新寄生植物——燕麦(Avena sativaL.)。     

The Changes on Activity of Some Protective Enzymes in Maize Seedlings under Ht－toxin Stress

ＴｈｅＣｈａｎｇｅｓｏｎＡｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｏｆＳｏｍｅＰｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｖｅＥｎｚｙｍｅｓｉｎＭａｉｚｅＳｅｅｄｌｉｎｇｓｕｎｄｅｒＨｔ－ｔｏｘｉｎＳｔｒｅｓｓＨａｎＪｉａｎｍｉｎ；ＤａｎｇＪｉｎｇａｏ；ＺｈｕＪｉｅｈｕａ；ＬｉＷｅｎｆｅｎｇ；ＬｉＧｕａ...     

玉米大斑病菌原生质体的制备

以玉米大斑病菌(Exserohilum turcium)菌株9948N为供试菌株，进行了原生质体制备条件的研究。主要探讨了酶、渗透压稳定剂、温度、时间等条件对原生质体产出率的影响。结果表明玉米大斑病菌原生质体制备的适宜条件是：28℃下以10mg／mL纤维素酶 10mg／mL蜗牛酶的混合酶处理经过研磨的菌体，酶解72h，以0．8mol/L甘露醇做渗透压稳定剂。     

玉米大斑病菌对广州地区甜玉米的致病性观测

通过对桂甜和华珍两个甜玉米品种的玉米大斑病病斑扩展速率及病情指数的研究结果表明,不同品种对玉米大斑病菌的抗性存在明显的差异;病斑的产孢特性显示,病斑首次产孢量显著高于再次产孢量。通过比较不同温度下的菌丝生长量,分析出广州地区玉米大斑病菌的主要构成属于高温型。     

玉米优良自交系埃1278C、埃1278C—2与海7—1的选育及其抗病性鉴定

本研究自1969年开始,应用一环系和二环系选育方法选育玉米自交系.到1973年先后育成了两个白粒马齿型和一个黄色硬粒型优良自交系.这三个自交系产量高,配合力好,综合性状优良.根据在室内和田间抗病性鉴定的结果,它们的抗大小斑病性类似或优于抗病系330,525,C103,MO17;埃1278C—2的抗小斑病性表现尤为突出.本文还就选育抗病系的方法和早代测定配合力的效果进行了讨论.     

Genes for resistance to northern corn leaf blight in diverse maize populations

Turcicum or northern corn leaf blight (NCLB) incited by the ascomycete Setosphaeria turcica, anamorph Exserohilum turcicum, is a ubiquitous foliar disease of maize. Diverse sources of qualitative and quantitative resistance are available but qualitative resistances (Ht genes) are often unstable. In the tropics especially, they are either overcome by new virulent races or they suffer from climatically sensitive expression. Quantitative resistance is expressed independently of the physical environment and has never succumbed to S. turcica pathotypes in the field. This review emphasizes the identification and mapping of genes related to quantitative NCLB resistance. We deal with the consistency of the genomic positions of quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling resistance across different maize populations, and with the clustering of genes for resistance to S. turcica and other fungal pathogens or insect pests in the maize genome. Implications from these findings for further genomic research and resistance breeding are drawn. Incubation period (IP) and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), based on multiple disease ratings, are important component traits of quantitative NCLB resistance. They are generally tightly correlated (r_p? 0.8) and highly heritable (h²? 0.75). QTL for resistance to NCLB (IP and AUDPC) were identified and characterized in three mapping populations (A, B, C). Population A, a set of 121‐150 F₃ families of the cross B52×mo17, represented US Corn Belt germplasm with a moderate level of resistance. It was field‐tested in Iowa, USA, and Kenya, and genotyped at 112 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) loci. Population B consisted of 194‐256 F₃ families of the cross Lo951×CML202, the first parent being a Corn‐Belt‐derived European inbred line and the second parent being a highly resistant tropical African inbred line. The population was also tested in Kenya and genotyped with 110 RFLP markers. Population C was derived from a cross between two early‐maturing European inbred lines, D32 and D145, both having a moderate level of resistance. A total of 220 F₃ families were tested in Switzerland and characterized with 87 RFLP and seven SSR markers. In each of the three studies, 12‐13 QTL were detected by composite interval mapping at a signifcance threshold of LOD=2.5. The phenotypic and the genotypic variance were explained to an extent of 50‐70% and 60‐80%, respectively. Gene action was additive to partly dominant, as in previous generation means and combining ability analyses with other genetic material. In each population, gene effects of the QTL were of similar magnitude and no putative major genes were discovered. QTL for AUDPC were located on chromosomes 1 to 9. All three populations carried QTL in identical genomic regions on chromosomes 3 (bin 3.06/07), 5 (bin 3.06/07) and 8 (bin 8.05/06). The major genes Ht2 and Htn1 were also mapped to bins 8.05 and 8.06, suggesting the presence of a cluster of closely linked major and minor genes. The chromosomal bins 3.05, 5.04 and 8.05, or adjacent intervals, were further associated with QTL and major genes for resistance to eight other fungal diseases and insect pests of maize. Bins 1.05/07 and 9.05 were found to carry population‐specifc genes for resistance to S. turcica and other organisms. Several disease lesion mimic mutations, resistance gene analogues and genes encoding pathogenesis‐related proteins were mapped to regions harbouring NCLB resistance QTL.     

三空栽培模式对玉米大斑病流行的影响

为利用新型栽培模式解决黑龙江省玉米大斑病发生严重难以防治的问题,于2016年通过对三空栽培模式和常规栽培模式下不同时段玉米大斑病病情指数进行调查,采用DPS软件分析了两种栽培模式下病害发生情况。结果表明:三空栽培模式秋季的病情指数为59.78,极显著低于常规模式的68.58,同时,5个地点的试验平均病情指数三空栽培模式比常规模式低12.38%,产量提高了4.02%。说明三空栽培模式对大斑病的防治有一定的促进作用,同时也不减产。     

Epidemiology of Northern leaf blight on sweet corn

The epidemiology of northern leaf blight of corn, caused byExserohilum turcicum (Pass.) Leonard and Suggs, is reviewed. The minimal dew period required for infection is temperature-dependent. At 25°C, 1 h of dew is sufficient to cause infection and at this temperature the minimal dew period for sporulation is 14 h. Under natural conditions when one dew night is not long enough for conidia to develop, the dew period on the following night enables the completion of conidial formation. The amount of conidia formed is dependent on temperature, light, plant age, leaf position and plant susceptibility. Both qualitative and quantitative types of resistance were identified in several hybrids. Subsequently, there developed additional biotypes ofE. turcicum which are aggressive to plants containing qualitative monogenic resistance. Within the same physiological race, a significant variation in aggressiveness between isolates from various locations is observed. The pathogen overwinters as mycelia and conidia in infected leaves, husks and other plant parts, or onSorghum halepense L. Reduction in yield due to northern leaf blight is associated with the level of resistance of the host plant, with disease severity, plant age during infection, and position of infected leaves.